{"id":359,"date":"2020-02-16T11:05:20","date_gmt":"2020-02-16T05:35:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/?p=359"},"modified":"2020-02-16T11:05:20","modified_gmt":"2020-02-16T05:35:20","slug":"environmental-pharmacology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/environmental-pharmacology\/","title":{"rendered":"Environmental Pharmacology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Environmental pharmacology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Causes of Environmental Pollution:-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Toxic gases, Waste water released from industries and houses, Improper dumping of garbage.<\/li><li>Cutting down of the green cover, Urbanization.<\/li><li><strong>Pharmaceutical chemicals from industries and hospitals<\/strong><\/li><li>The environmental impact of Pharmaceutical products is largely speculative and unmeasured.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>The World Health Organization (<strong>WHO) estimates that about a quarter of the diseases facing mankind today occurs due to prolonged exposure to these environmental pollutants<\/strong><\/li><li>term \u2018<strong>Environmental Pharmacology\u2019<\/strong> was coined by \u00e0 <strong>Halling Sorensen<\/strong> in the year 1998.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"215\" height=\"161\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-31.png?w=215\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-360\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"216\" height=\"161\" src=\"\"><strong>Definition:-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>effect of pharmaceuticals and house care products on the environment and the ecosystem.<\/strong><\/li><li>terms Environmental pharmacology<strong>, Eco-pharmacology and Pharmacoenvironmentology <\/strong>are often used<strong> synonymously<\/strong><\/li><li>The increasing human and animal use and <strong>abuse of drugs<\/strong> as well as of personal health care and gross domestic products, involve <strong>disposal and waste problems and, as a consequence<\/strong>, affect the environmental condition.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Environmental Pharmacology involves study of:-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>1. Gene-environment interaction.<\/li><li>2. Drug-environment interaction.<\/li><li>3. Toxin-environment interaction<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"621\" height=\"267\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-32.png?w=621\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-361\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-32.png 621w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-32-300x129.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 621px) 100vw, 621px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The potential routes of entry of pharmaceutical and house hold care products in the environment include:-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. <strong>Patients\u2019 and animals\u2019 excretion<\/strong> either as a <strong>parent compound or metabolites<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. <strong>Direct release from manufacturing, hospitals or disposed<\/strong> via <strong>toilets and sinks.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Terrestrial depositions <strong>via sludge application to land,<\/strong> leaching from solid waste landfills<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Drugs destined for plant health like <strong>insecticides and pesticides.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"343\" height=\"264\" src=\"\">5. <strong>Overflow of agricultural run-off<\/strong> may contain herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"343\" height=\"264\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-33.png?w=343\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-362\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-33.png 343w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-33-300x231.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"305\" height=\"249\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-34.png?w=305\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-34.png 305w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-34-300x245.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 305px) 100vw, 305px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"666\" height=\"311\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-35.png?w=666\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-364\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-35.png 666w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-35-300x140.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"457\" height=\"239\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-36.png?w=457\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-365\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-36.png 457w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-36-300x157.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Patancheru, Hyderabad \u00e0 a deadly cocktail of antibiotic<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Patancheru features a very large number of industries in a limited area.<\/li><li>A study conducted in 1999 by National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, documented <strong>extensive groundwater pollution and over-exploitation of water resources<\/strong> in Patancheru.<\/li><li><strong>Ciprofloxacin <\/strong>&#8211; As high as 31 mg\/L which is approx. 1 million times greater than the levels found in the treated municipal sewage effluents.<\/li><li>The <strong>estimated total release of ciprofloxacin for 1 day was 44 kg<\/strong>, sufficient to treat everyone in a city with 44000 inhabitants.<\/li><li>Strange cases like a <strong>child born without eyeballs, human morbidity, crop declines,<\/strong> and livestock deaths were reported.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>PPCPs:-<\/strong> <strong>Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>include collection of substances which refer to any product consumed by individuals for personal health or cosmetic reasons.<\/li><li>comprises of all human and veterinary drugs (over the counter), diagnostic agents, &#8220;nutraceuticals&#8221;&nbsp; and other consumer chemicals, such as fragrances, cosmetics and sunscreen agents, &#8220;excipients\u201d, biopharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, and many others.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"629\" height=\"249\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-37.png?w=629\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-37.png 629w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-37-300x119.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Once PhACs enters the environment, they suffer one of three fates which include:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Biodegradation into carbon dioxide and water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Undergo some form of degradation to form metabolites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Persist in the environment unmodified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Environmentally Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants\u2019 (EPPP)-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>compounds that resist biodegradation by the microbes and persist in the environment in active form<\/li><li>Eg:- Clofibric acid, a metabolite of clofibrate can still be found in surface as well as well water.<\/li><li>Serious effects of EPPPs on water living organisms and microbial communities have been observed. The diffuse exposure might contribute to:<\/li><li>I. <strong>Extinction of species and imbalance of sensible ecosystems:- <\/strong>Reproductive systems of frogs, fish and mussels.<\/li><li>II. Genetic, developmental, immune and hormonal health effects to humans.<\/li><li>III. <strong>Development of Antibiotic Resistant microbes<\/strong>, as were found downstream <strong>from few sewage plant in India.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Effect on Ecosystem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Drugs interact with the environment in diverse ways causing various modifications and affect:-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Aquatic system<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>fish most often share drug targets<\/li><li>anti- depressants like <strong>fluoxetine could trigger spawning in some shell fish.<\/strong><\/li><li>masculinization had been observed in female marine snails exposed to tributylin (TBT), a biocide used in antifouling paints.<\/li><li><strong>Distorted sex-organ development and function in alligators<\/strong> has <strong>been linked with a DDT-complex<\/strong> spell into a<strong> lake<\/strong> in Florida in USA.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Biofilm layer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>referred to as \u201cslime\u201d are <strong>aggregates of microorganisms<\/strong> in matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) &amp; <strong>composed of extra cellular DNA proteins and Polysaccharides<\/strong><\/li><li>Medications like anti- diabetics, anti- histamine like diphenylhydramine were observed to cause significant disruption to the biofilm community.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ground water and surface water<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Indian study, five common non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs namely <strong>diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid<\/strong> were <strong>detected in various concentrations<\/strong> in surface water from 27 locations of the <strong>Kaveri velar and Tami rapani Rivers<\/strong> in southern India<strong>.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Effect on Humans<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>unavoidable interaction between the different environmental compartments, lets humans to be the direct or indirect target of the pollution.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Autoimmune diseases:-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>&nbsp;Environmental exposure- development and or the exacerbation of autoimmune diseases<\/li><li><strong>Smoking<\/strong> and the development of <strong>seropositive RA.<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>UV radiation<\/strong> and the risk of <strong>development of multiple sclerosis (MS)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Carcinogens<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>chemical compounds that lead to development of cancer on exposure, though chronic.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"617\" height=\"233\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-38.png?w=617\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-38.png 617w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-38-300x113.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 617px) 100vw, 617px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"666\" height=\"293\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-39.png?w=666\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-39.png 666w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-39-300x132.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>heavy metals<\/strong> that are most commonly implicated in environmental toxicity to humans are:-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Lead (Pb)<\/strong> \u00e0 sources \u00e0 Vehicle batteries, artificial paints, PVC pipes, Statues,<\/li><li>improper disposal of these products leads to contamination of environment<\/li><li><strong>Acute toxicity:-<\/strong>Blood levels &gt; 60-80 \u03bcg\/dl<\/li><li>Metallic taste, dry throat, abdominal pain, vomiting, sometimes diarrhoea, circulatory collapse, headache, insomnia, renal tubular dysfunction<\/li><li>Blood lead levels &gt; 80-120 \u03bcg\/dl- Acute encephalopathy with convulsions, coma, death<\/li><li>Chronic Toxicity&nbsp; \u00e0 Facial pallor, Anaemia, basophilic stipling, Bartonian line on gums, Colic &amp; Constipation, Lead palsy- wrist drop, foot drop, CVS, Kidney- HTN, Interstitial nephritis, amenorrhoea,&nbsp; dysmenorrhoea, sterility, abortion<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Treatment of lead Poisoning:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Acute poisoning with encephalopathy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>CaEDTA 75 mg\/kg\/day IV infusion<\/li><li>BAL (Dimercaprol) 4 mg\/kg iv , repeat 4 hrly<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For Chronic poisoning<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Succimer (10mg\/kg ,p.o.)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Supportive treatment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Calcium gluconate IV<\/li><li>Thiamine- neurological manifestations<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mercury (Hg)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"483\" height=\"132\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-40.png?w=483\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-369\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-40.png 483w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-40-300x82.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"666\" height=\"304\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-41.png?w=666\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-370\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-41.png 666w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-41-300x137.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Arsenic (As)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"229\" height=\"163\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-42.png?w=229\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-371\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"585\" height=\"311\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-43.png?w=585\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-43.png 585w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-43-300x159.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 585px) 100vw, 585px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Air pollutant<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"485\" height=\"251\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-44.png?w=485\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-373\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-44.png 485w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-44-300x155.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Explain about waste disposal in hospital<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ecopharmacovigilance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>World Health Organization (WHO)- \u201cEcopharmacovigilance is the science and activities<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>associated with the detection, evaluation, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>of pharmaceuticals in the environment\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>includes a reference to the pollution of waters and soils with pharmaceutical residues.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Environmental pharmacology Causes of Environmental Pollution:- Toxic gases, Waste water released from industries and houses, Improper dumping of garbage. Cutting down of the green cover, Urbanization. Pharmaceutical chemicals from industries and hospitals The environmental impact of Pharmaceutical products is largely speculative and unmeasured. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about a quarter of the[&#8230;]\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/359"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=359"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/359\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=359"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=359"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=359"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}