{"id":687,"date":"2020-02-17T20:46:03","date_gmt":"2020-02-17T15:16:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/?p=687"},"modified":"2020-02-17T20:46:03","modified_gmt":"2020-02-17T15:16:03","slug":"new-drug-delivery-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/new-drug-delivery-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"New Drug Delivery Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>New Drug Delivery Systems<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Conventional drug delivery systems (DDSs) are often accompanied by systemic side effects that mainly attributable to their nonspecific bio-distribution and uncontrollable drug release characteristics.<\/li><li>The latest pharmacologic research has resulted in development of novel drug-delivery systems to overcome pharmacokinetic glitches such as limited bioavailability, unwanted distribution, drug resistance, and stability<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>A <strong>drug delivery system (DDS)<\/strong> is defined as a <strong>formulation or a device <\/strong>that enables the introduction of a therapeutic substance in the body and improves its <strong>efficacy and safety <\/strong>by controlling <strong>drug release <\/strong>and <strong>pharmacokinetic parameters<\/strong><\/li><li>Interface between drug and patient<\/li><li>Not pharmaceutically active on its own<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Aims of DDS Development<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Improved drug safety &amp; efficacy<\/li><li>Improved compliance, Increase bioavailability, Controlled drug delivery<\/li><li>Chrono-pharmacological benefits<\/li><li>Reduction of cost of drug development<\/li><li>Life extension of the products<\/li><li>Reduction of risk of failure in new product development<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Directing active agents and their carriers into the affected tissue with minimal effects on surrounding healthy tissues after systemic administration<\/li><li>Conventional DDS\u00e0Absorption across biological membrane ;<\/li><li>Targeted DDS\u00e0 Goal of targeted DDS is to<ul><li>increase efficacy of drug by having prolonged, localized and protected drug interaction with targeted tissues<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>help in reducing the dosing frequency<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>in turn the reduces the fluctuation in circulating drug levels as well as side effects.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Various Drug Delivery Systems<\/strong><\/li><li>1. Carrier-based Drug Delivery System<\/li><li>2. Transdermal DDS<\/li><li>3. Mucoadhesive DDS<\/li><li>4. Osmotically-controlled DDS<\/li><li>5. Drug devices<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Drug Delivery Carriers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u2022 <\/strong>Special molecule or system, which encapsulates the drug (both hydrophobic &amp; hydrophilic) within<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>biocompatible polymers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Adv \u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1) Targeted &amp; controlled release (maintaining therapeutic drug levels)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) Biodegradable, non-immunogenic, biocompatible &amp; high chemical stability<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3) Avoidance of 1st pass metabolism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4) Minimal drug leakage during transit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"447\" height=\"264\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-250.png?w=447\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-702\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-250.png 447w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-250-300x177.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Micelles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Formed by aggregates of amphiphilic molecules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Hydrophobic core \u2013 encapsulates poorly water soluble drugs, Hydrophilic exterior<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u2022 Estradiol &#8212; only FDA-approved micelle,<\/strong> &#8211; topical Rx for vasomotor symptoms of menopause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>LIPOSOMES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"152\" height=\"146\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-251.png?w=152\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-703\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"152\" height=\"147\" src=\"\">One or more concentric lipid bilayers, separated by aqueous buffer compartments<\/li><li>Can load both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs<\/li><li>ability to \u201cpassively\u201d accumulate at sites of increased vasculature permeability, and for their ability to reduce the side effects of the encapsulated drugs relative to free drugs. This has resulted in an overall increase in therapeutic index<\/li><li>The liposome delivery system allows for better microphage penetration and better builds a concentration at the infection site.<\/li><li>significant reduction in the side effects of the liposomal drug compared to the free (i.e., unentrapped) drug \u00e0<strong> An excellent example is the significant reduction in the irreversible cardiotoxicity of free doxorubicin when the drug is entrapped in liposomes<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Surface Modifications<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Peglyated liposomes= long circulation time<\/li><li>Immuno-liposomes= Antibodies attached to target antigen<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Niosomes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"306\" height=\"187\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-252.png?w=306\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-704\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-252.png 306w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-252-300x183.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 306px) 100vw, 306px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"306\" height=\"187\" src=\"\">\u2022 Non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Stabilized by cholesterol &amp; anionic surfactant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Specially designed for skin delivery \u2013 facilitated fusion with membranes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; can be superficially modulated (eg. Rx of Herpes)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; full dermal penetration (eg. Transdermal delivery of insulin)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Preferred over liposomes (expensive, chemically unstable)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ETHOSOMES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>These are <strong>nanocarriers for transdermal drug delivery<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Ethanolic phospholipid vesicles<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Deliver drugs to deep skin layers<\/strong> and\/or systemic circulation.<\/li><li>Administered in <strong>semi-solid form (gel\/cream)<\/strong><\/li><li>Entrap drug molecule with various physiochemical characteristics i.e. of hydrophilic, lipophilic, or amphiphilic.<\/li><li>Higher transdermal flux than liposomes as <strong>they can permeate through stratum corneum<\/strong><\/li><li>Erythromycin,clindamycin,acyclovir (zovirax by GSK) ethosomal gel. RCT comparing ethosoamal zivorax vs zivorax solution showed increased efficacy<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Applications:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Delivery of anti-viral drugs Zidovudine and Acyclovir<\/li><li>Topical delivery of DNA for expression of genes in skin cells in treatment of genetic disorders<\/li><li>Transdermal delivery of hormones like testosterone<\/li><li>Delivery of Anti-parkinsonism drug Trihexyphenidyl<\/li><li>Topical delivery of <strong>anti-arthritis medications: cannabidol ethosome formulation<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Topical delivery of antibiotics like erythromycin<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Virosomes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Liposomes carrying viral proteins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Route: Mucosal (nasal, vaginal etc), ID &amp; IM<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Proposed in immunization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Eg. HIV1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cochleates<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Liposomal derivative<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 More stable than other lipidic particles<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 composed mainly of charged phosphatidylserine<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 no internal aqueous space<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Amphotericin B, proteins, peptides &amp; DNA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cubosomes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Similar to cochleates<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Novel lipid delivery systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Cube-like appearance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Bio-compatible &amp; bioadhesive<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 eg. Oral administration of cubosomes loaded with<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Insulin \u00e0&nbsp; hypoglycemic effect in rats<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NANOPARTICLES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>These are particle between 1-100 nm size<\/li><li>Nanoparticles are used as drug carriers in which drug is either dissolved, entrapped or encapsulated<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"543\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-253.png?w=543\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-253.png 543w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-253-300x199.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Recent advances in applications of nanoparticles<\/strong><ul><li>Anti-cancer drugs delivery<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Photodynamic therapy<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Delivery of proteins<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Delivery of nucleic acids<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Nanoparticles &amp; Anti-Cancer drug delivery<\/strong><\/li><li>Conventional Chemotherapy: A\/E on normal tissues and development of resistance<\/li><li>Nanoparticles enhance intracellular concentration of drugs by both active and passive targeting<\/li><li><strong>Active targeting:<\/strong> Trastuzumab and Rituximab have been conjugated to poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles resulting in conjugates that exhibit a six-fold increase in the rate of particle uptake<\/li><li><strong>Passive targeting:<\/strong> Enhanced permeability and retention time of nanoparticles in tumour cells due to leaky vasculature<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Delivery of Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy<\/strong><\/li><li>Principle of PDT: Administer PS\u00e0 Light irradiation \u00e0 ROS generation\u00e0 Cancer cells killed<\/li><li>Polymeric (Chitosan) nanoparticles incorporate water insoluble photosensitizers into hydrophobic cores and deliver them into tumor cells<\/li><li>Also, it prolongs circulation time and hence more accumulation of photosensitizers in tumor cells<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Charge-conversional nanoparticles for delivery of proteins<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"436\" height=\"243\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-254.png?w=436\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-706\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-254.png 436w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-254-300x167.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Stable at normal pH but disrupts at acidic pH of endosomes. protein-loaded nanoparticles showed efficient endosomal disruption and subsequent diffusion<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"170\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-255.png?w=170\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-707\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-255.png 170w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-255-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 170px) 100vw, 170px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"170\" height=\"170\" src=\"\">New DDS carrier which possesses <strong>solid lipid core matrix<\/strong><\/li><li>Good physical stability, protection of incorporated drugs from degradation, controlled drug release, and good tolerability<\/li><li>SLNs <strong>do not show biotoxicity as they are prepared from physiological lipids<\/strong><\/li><li>SLNs are especially useful in ocular drug delivery as they can enhance the corneal absorption of drugs and improve the ocular bioavailability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.<\/li><li>Also being used for Oral Intestinal lymphatic delivery of drugs. SLN act as physical sunscreens with increased UV blocking ability. Incorporation of molecular sunscreens into SLN leads to synergetic UV blocking effects<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>MICROSPHERE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Microspheres can be defined as solid, approximately spherical particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 \u03bcm<\/li><li>Each microsphere is basically a matrix of drug dispersed in a polymer (biocamptible\/biodegradable) from which release occurs by first order process<\/li><li><strong>Used for controlled release of drugs mostly by subcutaneous\/ intramuscular route<\/strong><\/li><li>Floating\/muco-adhesive microspheres have been developed as gastro-retentive delivery systems used in treatment of H.Pylori infections<\/li><li>Microsphere-based systems, providing controlled release delivery, can obviate the need for repeat immunizations \u00e0 Vaccine delivery: Tetanus &amp; toxoid<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>MICROEMULSIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Any multicomponent fluid<strong> made of water, oil in combination with one or several surfactants<\/strong><\/li><li>Stable, isotropic and <strong>transparent<\/strong><strong> with low viscosity<\/strong><\/li><li>Thermodynamically stable, High solubilization capacity, <strong>High diffusion and absorption rates<\/strong><\/li><li>Size: 20-200 nm<\/li><li>Drug delivery vehicles <strong>for poorly water-soluble drugs<\/strong><\/li><li>Parenteral delivery: Vincristine Paclitaxel<\/li><li>Transdermal delivery: Cyclosporine, progesterone<\/li><li>Oral delivery: Itraconazole, Acyclovir<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>LIPID EMULSIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>drug delivery system in which Free drug transferred in lipid based carrier for improving the solubilization of drugs with low aqueous solubility and to stabilize them against hydrolysis or oxidation<\/li><li>aka Colloidal drug carriers(Various colloidal drug delivery systems liposomes, niosomes, nanoparticles and microparticles)<\/li><li>Heterogeneous dispersions of two immiscible liquids (o\/w, w\/o, micron, submicron, double or multiple emulsions)<\/li><li>Used as vehicles for anesthetic drugs like Propofol and Etomidate<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>OPHTHALMIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS \u2013 Glaucoma drugs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Transdermal Drug Delivery System<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Self contained, discrete dosage forms, applied to skin \uf0e0 delivers drug at controlled rate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Adv:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1) Avoidance of first pass metabolism &amp; GI incompatibility<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) Greater patient compliance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3) Enhance therapeutic efficacy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4) Termination of therapy is easy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Scopolamine patch &#8211; Motion sickness<\/li><li>Hydrogel transdermal patch &#8211; Rx of burns<\/li><li>Insulin patch<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sonophoresis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Localized, non\u2010invasive, convenient and rapid method of delivering LMW drugs &amp; macromolecules into the skin by ultrasonic energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 US (20kHz-16MHz) \u00e0 \u2191 skin permeability<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Reverse US technology &#8211; extraction of fluid or compounds out of the skin<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Laser assisted Transdermal DDS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 New technology of drug delivery<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Effective drug permeation-enhancement approach for facilitating drug delivery into or across the skin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Laser \u00e0 controlled disruption and ablation of the stratum corneum<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Eg. LAD of Mtx LAD of drugs to treat facial scars<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mucoadhesive DDS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Mucosal membranes \u2013 Oral MDDS, ocular, nasal, vaginal drug delivery systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osmotically controlled DDS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Osmotic pressure \u2013 driving force to release drug in controlled manner<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>Oral \u2013 eg. GI therapeutic systems (GITS) <\/strong><strong>\u00e0 <\/strong>Eg. Once-daily Nifedipine GITS tablet<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Based on Osmotic push\u2013pull technology &#8211; Approved for Rx of HTN &amp; Px of angina<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parenteral \u2013 eg. Implantable pumps<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pulsatile Release System<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Defined as rapid and transient release of certain amount of drug molecules within a short period of time, after a predetermined off-release period<\/li><li>Deliver drug at time and site specific manner<\/li><li>Useful in:<ul><li>Chronopharmacotherapy of disease(asthma early morning, heart attack late night, diabetes after meal);<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Site specific (Colon);<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>For programmed administration of hormone and drug;<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>For drug having short half life(beta blockers)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Osmotic Pressure Release System<ul><li>1. Capsule based<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>2. Programmed oral release technology<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Capsular system with polymeric plugs: Pulsincap<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Capsule based:<\/strong> Capsule has pellet\u00e0 Pellet has core\u00e0 Core has drug and osmotic agent and enclosed by water permeable but insoluble polymer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Water absorption\u00e0 Goes into pellet\u00e0 Osmotic agent dissolves and pellet swells\u00e0 Hydrogel is for controlling lag time which gets pushed by swelling of pellet and drug is released as pulse<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"393\" height=\"52\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-256.png?w=393\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-708\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-256.png 393w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-256-300x40.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Programmed oral release technology<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"672\" height=\"344\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-257.png?w=672\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-709\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-257.png 672w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-257-300x154.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>PULSINCAP<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"478\" height=\"228\" src=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-258.png?w=478\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-710\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-258.png 478w, https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/image-258-300x143.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 478px) 100vw, 478px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Pulsincap\u2014consist of capsule with water soluble cap, an insoluble body filled with drug &amp; sealed with a hydrogel plug . \u0097<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. The length of plug decides lag time. \u0097<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. On administration, soluble cap dissolves thereby allowing the hydrogel plug to swell &amp; expand \u0097<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. After a predetermined lag time, it is swollen to an extent that it is ejected from capsule body thereby releasing the drug.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ex: Dofetilide for Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Drug devices<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Drug eluting stents<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 1st drug eluting stent approved &#8211; coated with Paclitaxel\/Sirolimus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Coronary stent \u2013 slow release of drug to block cell proliferation \u00e0 prevents fibrosis &amp; clot formation \u00e0 Restenosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hormone releasing devices<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>IUCD, Norplant<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Microchips<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Hold drug in a reservoir<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Implanted into the body under LA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Released with the help of hand held wireless device<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Chronic conditions requiring careful monitoring &amp; precise therapy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Compliance is improved<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Eg: PTH for osteoporosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>PCA pump<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 Computerized pump \u2013 allows patient to control their pain<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Insulin delivery devices<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Closed loop insulin delivery system, Insulin pen, insulin jet, Inhaled Afrezza<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>New Drug Delivery Systems Conventional drug delivery systems (DDSs) are often accompanied by systemic side effects that mainly attributable to their nonspecific bio-distribution and uncontrollable drug release characteristics. The latest pharmacologic research has resulted in development of novel drug-delivery systems to overcome pharmacokinetic glitches such as limited bioavailability, unwanted distribution, drug resistance, and stability A[&#8230;]\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/687"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=687"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/687\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=687"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=687"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicineplexus.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=687"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}